Kyuhyun – Inoo (for Dimafaenhookey Dyah Fk)
Dan harudo sumeul swigi ttemune nan
Gamdangheya hari seulpeumi du nuneul eiowa
Ne giogeun hansun gan bonjyo oneun goyolchorom
Dasin aneurira dasin aneurira
Dwidoraboji aneuri
Beigo tto beyo on jichin sangchoga
Amuljireurana ichyojijirana
Soropgo tto soroun gaseume nama
Jonhaji mot han mal
Geumal
Mongnoa nol bureul sudo omneun i bam
Jitge neryoanjeun goyoham
Simjangeul jweiowa
Nan onjen ga sesangeul ttodoneun barami dwemyon
Geutten bureurira geutten bureurira
Noye ireumeul bureuri
Beigo tto beyo on jichin sangchoga
Amuljireurana ichyojijirana
Soropgo tto soroun gaseume nama
Jonhaji mot han mal
Jigeum kkeutnagado i bineun geuchiji ana
Jo haneure ewonhedo
Kkum sogerado harumanirado na dora gal su itdorok
Nege namasseul naye moseubeul miwohajineun ma
Jiwoborijin ma
Hunnal (beigo tto beyo on jichin sangchoga)
Amuljireurana ichyojijirana
Soropgo tto soroun gaseume nama
Jonhaji mot han mal
Geumal
Sabtu, 19 Mei 2012
health for life
Health is the most important thing in our lives, we can perform daily activities with ease. Health is a condition where we can move and produce a healthy, there are psychologically healthy, sikologis, social and economic.
To understand the health problems often found in Indonesia need to be divided into several groups, including behavioral health issues, environmental, genetic and health services that will lead to further problems such as maternal and child health, nutrition and communicable diseases whether or not contagious. Health problems can occur in the general public or specific communities such as vulnerable groups (infants, toddlers and mothers), the elderly and working groups.
Health Behavior Problems
When referring to health behavior research Hendrik L. Blum in the United States has the second factor affecting the health status following environmental factors. Behavioral factors in Indonesia allegedly became a major factor kesehatn problem is still low due to the knowledge of health and poverty. These conditions may be related to levels that affect people's knowledge for healthy behavior. Formation of initiated behavioral responses to stimuli in the cognitive domain of knowledge on these objects, then create an inner response (affective) that is the attitude toward that object. Response action (behavior) can occur after the response in the direction of knowledge and attitude (synchronous) or directly without a second based on the response. This type of behavior is likely not last long because they develop signs of understanding the benefits of certain behavior.
Process that preceded the formation of a behavior requires a source of knowledge and knowledge gained from health education. Health education is an activity or effort to target health messages that target the knowledge of an issue in hopes of increasing the target to behave well.
Agree to an attitude of healthy behaviors can be formed when the knowledge of the underlying behavior is reinforced by evidence of benefit for a person's behavior based motif. If one can discover the benefits of healthy behavior that is expected by health care workers who support the attitude is formed.
Own behavior according to Lawrence Green is backed three main factors predisposing factors (predisposing factors), supporting factors (enabling factors) and reinforcing factors (reinforcing factors). Therefore it is behavioral change through health education need to intervene against the three factors mentioned above so that the public has a corresponding behavioral health values (Clean and Healthy Behavior).
Environmental health issues
Environmental health is a state of optimum environment so that a positive effect on the formation of an optimum level of public health as well. Environmental health issues including sanitation, water supply, waste management and waste management as well as public places and food processing.
2. Sanitation
Residential neighborhood in particular is home to one of the basic needs of human life. Population growth is not followed by accretion of land tends to cause problems of population density and residential environment that cause various diseases and health problems. Home health as a prerequisite for healthy behavior have a difficult criteria to be met due to the density of population that is not matched the availability of land for housing. Criteria include a minimum area of 2.5 m2 per house occupant, adequate water supply, excreta disposal, garbage disposal and waste, kitchen facilities and warehouse space as well as the family gathered and cattle sheds for rural homes. Not met the requirements of healthy house can cause health problems or physical illness, mental and social and family influence productivity ultimately leads to poverty and social problems.
3. Water supply
Clean water requirements mainly include drinking water, bathing, cooking and washing. Consumed drinking water must meet the minimum requirements for water consumed. Terms of drinking water include physical terms, conditions bacteriological and chemical requirements. Healthy drinking water has the characteristics of a colorless, odorless, tasteless, temperatures below ambient air temperature (physical condition), free from pathogenic bacteria (bacteriological requirements) and contains certain substances in quantities required (chemical requirements). In Indonesia, the sources of drinking water from rain water, river water, lake water, springs, shallow wells and water wells. Water sources have the characteristics of each that require simple processing to modern so drinkable.
Unmet need for clean water can cause health problems or illnesses such as skin infections, intestinal infections, dental disease and others.
4. Waste management and waste
Waste is the result of either human waste (feces), households, industries or other public places. Material or waste is a solid object is discarded because it was not used in human activities. Management of waste and improper waste will cause pollution to the health of the environment.
Processing of human waste in need of a qualified order not to cause contamination of soil and water and odor pollution and disturb the aesthetics. Disposal of human waste and sewage treatment in the form of latrines and septic tanks must meet health requirements because some diseases are transmitted through the mediation of dirt.
Waste management includes organic waste, inorganic and hazardous materials, has two stages, namely the management of waste collection and transportation and disposal and waste processing.
Waste management aimed at preventing water pollution and soil so that the processing of waste should generate hazardous waste tidah. Terms of effluent treatment includes physical condition, bacteriological and chemical. Wastewater treatment done in a simple and modern. Simply put waste water treatment can be done by dilution (dilution), oxidation ponds and irrigation, while the modern use of facilities or the Waste Water Treatment Plant (SPAL / WWTP).
Management of public places and food processing
Management of public places including places of worship, schools, markets and other places while the food processing include the processing of food (plant or food industry) and food (shops, food stalls, canteens, restaurants, cafes, etc.). Activities such as building inspection requirements, the availability of clean water and sewage treatment and garbage.
2. Health Care Problems
Quality health services will result in optimal health. Achievement of health care standards require the availability of resources requirements and procedures.
Availability of resources that will support healthy behaviors to utilize community health services either public or private pre-requisite human resource needs (health professional), resource facilities and infrastructure (buildings and supporting facilities) seta financial resources (financial health).
3. Health professional
Implementing health care includes medical personnel, paramedics, nursing, paramedical and non medical non-nursing (administration). Professional health workers who provide health care and competence demonstrated by follow procedures.
Nowadays many people receive health services in sub-standard due to the above conditions are not met. Limitations of the workforce in Indonesia due to lack of appropriate competence or are not uniformly distributed delivery of health workers who provide services are not appropriate competence. Lack of knowledge and economic motives often makes the standard of care has not been done to the fullest. Society tends to accept these conditions because of ignorance and compulsion. Although the government has a lot to improve the quality of health services in Indonesia, either through regulation competency standards of health and competence enhancement programs and equitable distribution of health personnel, but not all health workers to support. This is related to health behaviors of health workers is still much to deviate from the original purpose of its existence improve community health status. Curative services, while still leading the preventive and promotive aspects of health services has not been dominant. Healthy behaviors following the current public health paradigm was defeated by the illness behavior, the use of health care only when sick.
Means of building and supporting
Limited facilities and infrastructure to support health services currently handled by the concept of the concept memandirikan prepared village community healthier. Unfortunately, these conditions are not fully supported by the community because it is more dominant behavior of pain. The government itself other than state funds and the budget, through the Operational Support Activities program (BOK) Center and program development of referral health care facilities have improved the quality of health care infrastructure in Indonesia.
2. Health financing
Factor of public financing is often a barrier to gain access to quality health care. Factors that are contributing factors (enabling factors) to behave in public health have been conducted in Indonesia through health insurance and matching funds. Call it the health insurance for civil servants (PT Askes), police and army (PT. Asabri), industrial workers (PT Jamsostek), poor (Jamkesmas Family Hope Program), the community can not afford (Jamkesda) and even the general public (Jampersal and private insurance). Still, the issue of health financing an obstacle in achieving quality health services related to public awareness of healthy behavior. Illness behavior is still dominant that curative efforts are likely to lead to large cost of funds is not fulfilled or discharged in the middle of the road. What is needed is a paradigm shift into the community through the Healthy Paradigm Health Education by health workers continuously.
3. Genetic problems
Some health problems and diseases caused by genetic factors not only hereditary diseases like hemophilia, diabetes mellitus, infertility and others but also social problems such as cracks households to divorce, poverty and crime. Health problems and diseases that arise due to genetic factors do not understand a lot more due to genetic causes, despite the attitude of rejection because the trust factor. So that people can behave in a healthy genetic required health education interventions accompanied by efforts to decision-making approach (religious leaders, community leaders and rulers). Intervention in the form of health education through genetic counseling, counseling of reproductive age, premarital preparation and the importance of genetic testing can reduce the risk of emerging diseases or health problems in the offspring.
CONCLUSION
Public health has a goal of improving public health by moving the entire potential of the community. May mean that people's health should be improved and maintained by health workers. Condition of health problems in Indonesia are mostly related behavior and community health workers who have not fully support toward healthy behavior. Attempts to change people's behavior into healthy behaviors can be done with health education or health promotion specifically. On the basis of these circumstances will be mandatory for healthcare workers have the competencies of health promotion.
To understand the health problems often found in Indonesia need to be divided into several groups, including behavioral health issues, environmental, genetic and health services that will lead to further problems such as maternal and child health, nutrition and communicable diseases whether or not contagious. Health problems can occur in the general public or specific communities such as vulnerable groups (infants, toddlers and mothers), the elderly and working groups.
Health Behavior Problems
When referring to health behavior research Hendrik L. Blum in the United States has the second factor affecting the health status following environmental factors. Behavioral factors in Indonesia allegedly became a major factor kesehatn problem is still low due to the knowledge of health and poverty. These conditions may be related to levels that affect people's knowledge for healthy behavior. Formation of initiated behavioral responses to stimuli in the cognitive domain of knowledge on these objects, then create an inner response (affective) that is the attitude toward that object. Response action (behavior) can occur after the response in the direction of knowledge and attitude (synchronous) or directly without a second based on the response. This type of behavior is likely not last long because they develop signs of understanding the benefits of certain behavior.
Process that preceded the formation of a behavior requires a source of knowledge and knowledge gained from health education. Health education is an activity or effort to target health messages that target the knowledge of an issue in hopes of increasing the target to behave well.
Agree to an attitude of healthy behaviors can be formed when the knowledge of the underlying behavior is reinforced by evidence of benefit for a person's behavior based motif. If one can discover the benefits of healthy behavior that is expected by health care workers who support the attitude is formed.
Own behavior according to Lawrence Green is backed three main factors predisposing factors (predisposing factors), supporting factors (enabling factors) and reinforcing factors (reinforcing factors). Therefore it is behavioral change through health education need to intervene against the three factors mentioned above so that the public has a corresponding behavioral health values (Clean and Healthy Behavior).
Environmental health issues
Environmental health is a state of optimum environment so that a positive effect on the formation of an optimum level of public health as well. Environmental health issues including sanitation, water supply, waste management and waste management as well as public places and food processing.
2. Sanitation
Residential neighborhood in particular is home to one of the basic needs of human life. Population growth is not followed by accretion of land tends to cause problems of population density and residential environment that cause various diseases and health problems. Home health as a prerequisite for healthy behavior have a difficult criteria to be met due to the density of population that is not matched the availability of land for housing. Criteria include a minimum area of 2.5 m2 per house occupant, adequate water supply, excreta disposal, garbage disposal and waste, kitchen facilities and warehouse space as well as the family gathered and cattle sheds for rural homes. Not met the requirements of healthy house can cause health problems or physical illness, mental and social and family influence productivity ultimately leads to poverty and social problems.
3. Water supply
Clean water requirements mainly include drinking water, bathing, cooking and washing. Consumed drinking water must meet the minimum requirements for water consumed. Terms of drinking water include physical terms, conditions bacteriological and chemical requirements. Healthy drinking water has the characteristics of a colorless, odorless, tasteless, temperatures below ambient air temperature (physical condition), free from pathogenic bacteria (bacteriological requirements) and contains certain substances in quantities required (chemical requirements). In Indonesia, the sources of drinking water from rain water, river water, lake water, springs, shallow wells and water wells. Water sources have the characteristics of each that require simple processing to modern so drinkable.
Unmet need for clean water can cause health problems or illnesses such as skin infections, intestinal infections, dental disease and others.
4. Waste management and waste
Waste is the result of either human waste (feces), households, industries or other public places. Material or waste is a solid object is discarded because it was not used in human activities. Management of waste and improper waste will cause pollution to the health of the environment.
Processing of human waste in need of a qualified order not to cause contamination of soil and water and odor pollution and disturb the aesthetics. Disposal of human waste and sewage treatment in the form of latrines and septic tanks must meet health requirements because some diseases are transmitted through the mediation of dirt.
Waste management includes organic waste, inorganic and hazardous materials, has two stages, namely the management of waste collection and transportation and disposal and waste processing.
Waste management aimed at preventing water pollution and soil so that the processing of waste should generate hazardous waste tidah. Terms of effluent treatment includes physical condition, bacteriological and chemical. Wastewater treatment done in a simple and modern. Simply put waste water treatment can be done by dilution (dilution), oxidation ponds and irrigation, while the modern use of facilities or the Waste Water Treatment Plant (SPAL / WWTP).
Management of public places and food processing
Management of public places including places of worship, schools, markets and other places while the food processing include the processing of food (plant or food industry) and food (shops, food stalls, canteens, restaurants, cafes, etc.). Activities such as building inspection requirements, the availability of clean water and sewage treatment and garbage.
2. Health Care Problems
Quality health services will result in optimal health. Achievement of health care standards require the availability of resources requirements and procedures.
Availability of resources that will support healthy behaviors to utilize community health services either public or private pre-requisite human resource needs (health professional), resource facilities and infrastructure (buildings and supporting facilities) seta financial resources (financial health).
3. Health professional
Implementing health care includes medical personnel, paramedics, nursing, paramedical and non medical non-nursing (administration). Professional health workers who provide health care and competence demonstrated by follow procedures.
Nowadays many people receive health services in sub-standard due to the above conditions are not met. Limitations of the workforce in Indonesia due to lack of appropriate competence or are not uniformly distributed delivery of health workers who provide services are not appropriate competence. Lack of knowledge and economic motives often makes the standard of care has not been done to the fullest. Society tends to accept these conditions because of ignorance and compulsion. Although the government has a lot to improve the quality of health services in Indonesia, either through regulation competency standards of health and competence enhancement programs and equitable distribution of health personnel, but not all health workers to support. This is related to health behaviors of health workers is still much to deviate from the original purpose of its existence improve community health status. Curative services, while still leading the preventive and promotive aspects of health services has not been dominant. Healthy behaviors following the current public health paradigm was defeated by the illness behavior, the use of health care only when sick.
Means of building and supporting
Limited facilities and infrastructure to support health services currently handled by the concept of the concept memandirikan prepared village community healthier. Unfortunately, these conditions are not fully supported by the community because it is more dominant behavior of pain. The government itself other than state funds and the budget, through the Operational Support Activities program (BOK) Center and program development of referral health care facilities have improved the quality of health care infrastructure in Indonesia.
2. Health financing
Factor of public financing is often a barrier to gain access to quality health care. Factors that are contributing factors (enabling factors) to behave in public health have been conducted in Indonesia through health insurance and matching funds. Call it the health insurance for civil servants (PT Askes), police and army (PT. Asabri), industrial workers (PT Jamsostek), poor (Jamkesmas Family Hope Program), the community can not afford (Jamkesda) and even the general public (Jampersal and private insurance). Still, the issue of health financing an obstacle in achieving quality health services related to public awareness of healthy behavior. Illness behavior is still dominant that curative efforts are likely to lead to large cost of funds is not fulfilled or discharged in the middle of the road. What is needed is a paradigm shift into the community through the Healthy Paradigm Health Education by health workers continuously.
3. Genetic problems
Some health problems and diseases caused by genetic factors not only hereditary diseases like hemophilia, diabetes mellitus, infertility and others but also social problems such as cracks households to divorce, poverty and crime. Health problems and diseases that arise due to genetic factors do not understand a lot more due to genetic causes, despite the attitude of rejection because the trust factor. So that people can behave in a healthy genetic required health education interventions accompanied by efforts to decision-making approach (religious leaders, community leaders and rulers). Intervention in the form of health education through genetic counseling, counseling of reproductive age, premarital preparation and the importance of genetic testing can reduce the risk of emerging diseases or health problems in the offspring.
CONCLUSION
Public health has a goal of improving public health by moving the entire potential of the community. May mean that people's health should be improved and maintained by health workers. Condition of health problems in Indonesia are mostly related behavior and community health workers who have not fully support toward healthy behavior. Attempts to change people's behavior into healthy behaviors can be done with health education or health promotion specifically. On the basis of these circumstances will be mandatory for healthcare workers have the competencies of health promotion.
Tentang Manchester United
Manchester United F.C. (biasa disingkat Man Utd, Man United atau hanya MU) adalah sebuah klub sepak bola papan atas di Inggris yang berbasis di Old Trafford, Manchester,
Dibentuk sebagai Newton Heath L&YR F.C. pada 1878 sebagai tim sepak bola depot Perusahaan Kereta Api Lancashire dan Yorkshire Railway di Newton Heath, namanya berganti menjadi Manchester United pada 1902.
Meski sejak dulu telah termasuk salah satu tim terkuat di Inggris, barulah sejak 1993 Manchester United meraih dominasi yang besar di kejuaraan domestik di bawah arahan Sir Alex Ferguson - dominasi dengan skala yang tidak terlihat sejak berakhirnya era Liverpool F.C. pada pertengahan 1970-an dan awal 1980-an. Sejak bergulirnya era Premiership pada tahun 1992, Manchester United adalah tim yang paling sukses dengan dua belas kali merebut trofi juara.
Meskipun sukses di kompetisi domestik, kesuksesan tersebut masih sulit diulangi di kejuaraan Eropa; mereka hanya pernah meraih juara di Liga Champions tiga kali sepanjang sejarahnya (1968, 1999, 2008).
Sejak musim 86-87, mereka telah meraih 22 trofi besar - jumlah ini merupakan yang terbanyak di antara klub-klub Liga Utama Inggris. Mereka telah memenangi 19 trofi juara Liga Utama Inggris (termasuk saat masih disebut Divisi Satu). Pada tahun 1968, mereka menjadi tim Inggris pertama yang berhasil memenangi Liga Champions Eropa, setelah mengalahkan S.L. Benfica 4–1, dan mereka memenangi Liga Champions Eropa untuk kedua kalinya pada tahun 1999 dan sekali lagi pada tahun 2008 setelah mengalahkan Chelsea F.C. di final. Mereka juga memegang rekor memenangi Piala FA sebanyak 11 kali.[4] Pada 2008, mereka menjadi klub Inggris pertama dan klub Eropa kedua yang berhasil menjadi Juara Dunia Antarklub FIFA.
Pada 12 Mei 2005, pengusaha Amerika Serikat Malcolm Glazer menjadi pemilik klub dengan membeli mayoritas saham yang bernilai £800 juta (US$1,47 milyar) diikuti dengan banyak protes dari para pendukung fanatik.
sumber : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.(diunduh 19 mei 2010 jam 6 : 54)
Dibentuk sebagai Newton Heath L&YR F.C. pada 1878 sebagai tim sepak bola depot Perusahaan Kereta Api Lancashire dan Yorkshire Railway di Newton Heath, namanya berganti menjadi Manchester United pada 1902.
Meski sejak dulu telah termasuk salah satu tim terkuat di Inggris, barulah sejak 1993 Manchester United meraih dominasi yang besar di kejuaraan domestik di bawah arahan Sir Alex Ferguson - dominasi dengan skala yang tidak terlihat sejak berakhirnya era Liverpool F.C. pada pertengahan 1970-an dan awal 1980-an. Sejak bergulirnya era Premiership pada tahun 1992, Manchester United adalah tim yang paling sukses dengan dua belas kali merebut trofi juara.
Meskipun sukses di kompetisi domestik, kesuksesan tersebut masih sulit diulangi di kejuaraan Eropa; mereka hanya pernah meraih juara di Liga Champions tiga kali sepanjang sejarahnya (1968, 1999, 2008).
Sejak musim 86-87, mereka telah meraih 22 trofi besar - jumlah ini merupakan yang terbanyak di antara klub-klub Liga Utama Inggris. Mereka telah memenangi 19 trofi juara Liga Utama Inggris (termasuk saat masih disebut Divisi Satu). Pada tahun 1968, mereka menjadi tim Inggris pertama yang berhasil memenangi Liga Champions Eropa, setelah mengalahkan S.L. Benfica 4–1, dan mereka memenangi Liga Champions Eropa untuk kedua kalinya pada tahun 1999 dan sekali lagi pada tahun 2008 setelah mengalahkan Chelsea F.C. di final. Mereka juga memegang rekor memenangi Piala FA sebanyak 11 kali.[4] Pada 2008, mereka menjadi klub Inggris pertama dan klub Eropa kedua yang berhasil menjadi Juara Dunia Antarklub FIFA.
Pada 12 Mei 2005, pengusaha Amerika Serikat Malcolm Glazer menjadi pemilik klub dengan membeli mayoritas saham yang bernilai £800 juta (US$1,47 milyar) diikuti dengan banyak protes dari para pendukung fanatik.
sumber : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.(diunduh 19 mei 2010 jam 6 : 54)
Rabu, 16 Mei 2012
About 2AM
2AM adalah
boyband asal Korea Selatan di bawah naungan JYP Entertainment. 2AM, yang
dibentuk pada 2008, mulanya tergabung dengan boyband One Day yang
memiliki sebelas personil. Namun kemudian, One Day dipecah menjadi dua
sub-grup, 2AM dan 2PM, berdasarkan kemampuan vokal dan dance
yang dimiliki masing-masing personil. 2AM diisi oleh empat personil
yang lebih menonjolkan kemampuan vokal. Sedangkan saudaranya, 2PM, fokus
menampilkan kemampuan dance.
Keempat personil yang mengisi 2AM adalah Jo Kwon, Changmin (Lee Chang Min), Seulong (Im Seul Ong) dan Jinwoon (Jung Jin Woon). Masing-masing dari mereka mengalami perbedaan durasi masa training. Namun setelah terkumpul 11 personil, masa training yang mereka jalani bersama 2PM direkam dan disiarkan oleh salah satu channel TV dengan judul "Hot Blooded Men" (2008) sebanyak 10 episode.
2AM cukup beruntung, karena setelah debut mereka langsung merilis single pertama, "This Song" (2008). Single tersebut menuai kesuksesan dan berhasil menyabet "Rookie of the Month July" versi "Cyworld Digital Music Awards 2008". Beberapa bulan kemudian, 2AM merilis single album "A Friend's Confession" (2009).
Nama 2AM semakin melejit ketika mereka merilis mini album "Can't Let You Go Even If I Die" (2010). Single itu mengantar 2AM meraih penghargaan "Mutizen Award" pertama mereka. Kepopuleran yang dicapai "Can't Let You Go Even If I Die" membuat 2AM mengantongi enam penghargaan tahunan sekaligus, salah satunya adalah "Best Vocal Performance by a Group" versi "Mnet Asian Music Awards 2010" dan "Best Song" versi "Melon Music Awards 2010". Beberapa waktu setelahnya, album ini dirilis ulang dengan judul "I Was Wrong" (2010).
Sukses dengan "Can't Let You Go Even If I Die", 2AM merilis album studio pertama bertajuk "Saint o'Clock" (2010). Tur "Saint o'Clock Tour" digelar untuk mempromosikan single "You Wouldn't Answer My Calls" (2010) dan "Like Crazy" (2010). "You Wouldn't Answer My Calls" berhasil meraih posisi puncak chart "Inkigayo" (2010).
Melebarkan sayapnya keluar negeri, 2AM debut di Jepang dengan merilis single "Never Let You Go" (2012). Perilisan single tersebut mendapat respon hangat dari I AM (fansclub 2AM) yang ada di negara sakura. "Never Let You Go" berhasil menjadi jawara beberapa acara musik Jepang.
sumber pustaka : http://www.wowkeren.com/seleb/2am/bio.html
Keempat personil yang mengisi 2AM adalah Jo Kwon, Changmin (Lee Chang Min), Seulong (Im Seul Ong) dan Jinwoon (Jung Jin Woon). Masing-masing dari mereka mengalami perbedaan durasi masa training. Namun setelah terkumpul 11 personil, masa training yang mereka jalani bersama 2PM direkam dan disiarkan oleh salah satu channel TV dengan judul "Hot Blooded Men" (2008) sebanyak 10 episode.
2AM cukup beruntung, karena setelah debut mereka langsung merilis single pertama, "This Song" (2008). Single tersebut menuai kesuksesan dan berhasil menyabet "Rookie of the Month July" versi "Cyworld Digital Music Awards 2008". Beberapa bulan kemudian, 2AM merilis single album "A Friend's Confession" (2009).
Nama 2AM semakin melejit ketika mereka merilis mini album "Can't Let You Go Even If I Die" (2010). Single itu mengantar 2AM meraih penghargaan "Mutizen Award" pertama mereka. Kepopuleran yang dicapai "Can't Let You Go Even If I Die" membuat 2AM mengantongi enam penghargaan tahunan sekaligus, salah satunya adalah "Best Vocal Performance by a Group" versi "Mnet Asian Music Awards 2010" dan "Best Song" versi "Melon Music Awards 2010". Beberapa waktu setelahnya, album ini dirilis ulang dengan judul "I Was Wrong" (2010).
Sukses dengan "Can't Let You Go Even If I Die", 2AM merilis album studio pertama bertajuk "Saint o'Clock" (2010). Tur "Saint o'Clock Tour" digelar untuk mempromosikan single "You Wouldn't Answer My Calls" (2010) dan "Like Crazy" (2010). "You Wouldn't Answer My Calls" berhasil meraih posisi puncak chart "Inkigayo" (2010).
Melebarkan sayapnya keluar negeri, 2AM debut di Jepang dengan merilis single "Never Let You Go" (2012). Perilisan single tersebut mendapat respon hangat dari I AM (fansclub 2AM) yang ada di negara sakura. "Never Let You Go" berhasil menjadi jawara beberapa acara musik Jepang.
sumber pustaka : http://www.wowkeren.com/seleb/2am/bio.html
MENGANALISA KADAR asam asetat
MENGANALISA
KADAR Na2CO3 dan NaHCO3 DALAM SAMPEL SERTA
MENGANALISA KADAR ASAM ASETAT
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
1. Latar Belakang Masalah
Asam basa
merupakan parameter lingkungan yang sangat vital dalam kehidupan sehari-hari
kita. Air, tanah, limbah , maupun zat makanan seperti buah dan sayur dapat
mengandung zat asam maupun basa. Zat-zat tersebut dapat dinyatakan dalam
derajat keasaman (pH) atau derajad kebasaannya (pOH).Analisis mengenai
kandungan atau yang lazim disebut konsentrasi asam maupun basa dalam kimia
analiasa dapat dilakukan dengan titrasi secara cross check . Zat asam dapat
diketahui kadarnya dengan menggunakan zat basa sebagai titrannya maupun
sebaliknya zat basa dapat dinilai menggunakan zat asam sebagai titran. Hal ini
dapat dipelajari dalam materi acidi-alkalimetri atau kesetimbangan asam basa.
2. Rumusan Masalah
Pada percobaan acidi-alkalimetri ini dirumuskan
penentuan kadar suatu zat setara volumetri berdasarkan reaksi netralisasi.
3. Tujuan Percobaan
a. Menganalisa kadar/konsentrasi suatu sampel ( % berat, % volume, % R/V, % M, % N ).
b. Menganalisa kadar aciditas, alkalinity dari suatu sampel
4. Manfaat Percobaan
Percobaan analisa kuantitatif secara volumetri berdasarkan reaksi netralisasi
ini bermanfaat untuk mengetahui adanya kadar/konsentrasi ( % berat, % volume, %
R/V, % M, % N )
BAB II
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
1. Pengertian
Titrasi
adalah penentuan kadar suatu zat secara volumetri menggunakan larutan lain yang
telah diketahui kadarnya.
Reaksi yang terjadi antara asam dan basa
H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O
Acidi alkalimetri merupakan salah satu bentuk
titrasi berdasarkan reaksi netralisasi antara zat titran dan zat yang akan
dititrasi.
Acidimetri : penentuan kadar basa dalam sutau
larutan dengan menggunakan larutan asam yang telah diketahui konsentrasinya
sebagai titran.Natrium hidroksida lazim tercemar dengan natrium karbonat Hal
ini disebabkan NaOH dapat menyerap CO2 yang terdapat dalam udara dan
bereaksi sebagai berikut :
CO₂ + 2OH⁻ → CO₃²⁻ + H₂O
Seringkali natrium karbonat dan natrium bikarbonat
terdapat bersamasama. Dimungkinkan untuk menganalisis campuran senyawa ini
dengan titrasi dengan asam standart.
Titrasi
Karbonat
Ion karbonat dititrasi dengan asam kuat sebagai
titran, reaksi yang terjadi
CO³¯ + H₃O+ ↔ HCO³¯ + H₂O ………(1)
HCO³¯ + H₃O+ ↔ H₂CO₃ + H₂O ………(2)
Ka1 = 4,6 . 10⁻⁷ → pKa = 6,34
Ka2 = 4,4 . 10⁻¹¹ → pKa = 10,36
PP digunakan sebagai indikator untuk reaksi pertama
(TAT pertama) dan MO digunakan sebagai indikator pada reaksi yang kedua (TAT
kedua).
Hubungan Volume dalam Titrasi Karbonat
Dalam suatu larutan zat NaOH, Na2CO3, maupun NaHCO3
keberadaannya dapat sebagai zat tunggal. Namun sering kali terdapat
bersama-sama misalnya, NaOH tercampur
dengan Na2CO3 atau NaHCO3 dan Na2CO3 terdapat bersama-sama. Hal ini dapat
teridentifikasi setelah senyawa tersebut dititrasi dengan HCl.
Tabel 1. Identifikasi Campuran Bikarbonat
Campuran Bikarbonat Zat
|
Hubungan untuk identifikasi
kualitatif
|
Milimol zat yg ada
|
NaOH
|
y = 0
|
M . x
|
Na₂CO₃
|
x = y
|
M . x
|
NaHCO₃
|
x = 0
|
M . y
|
NaOH + Na₂CO₃
|
x > y
|
M . (x-y)
|
NaHCO₃ + Na₂CO₃
|
x < y
|
M. (y-x)
|
Keterangan :
M = molaritas
x = volume yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai TAT I
menggunakan indikator PP
y = volume yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai TAT II menggunakan
indikator MO
Diagram titrasi Na2CO3 dan NaHCO3
Na2CO3 …………….. PP ditambahkan x ml
x
ml ↓ HCl
NaHCO3 …………….. PP berubah warna, MO ditambahkan
x
ml ↓ HCl
y
ml NaCl NaHCO3
y-x
ml ↓ HCl
NaCl ..……………. MO berubah warna
Keterangan
↓ : dititrasi
Alkalimetri : penentuan kadar asam dalam sutau
larutan denganmenggunakan larutan basa yang telah diketahui konsentrasinya
sebagai titran.
Asam asetat, asam etanoat atau asam cuka adalah
senyawa kimia asam organik yang dikenal sebagai pemberi rasa asam dan aroma
dalam makanan. Atom hidrogen (H) pada gugus karboksil (−COOH) dalam asam
karboksilat seperti dalam asam asetat dapat dilepaskan sebagai ion H+ (proton),
sehingga memberikan sifat asam. Asam asetat adalah asam lemah monoprotik dengan
nilai pKa=4.8. Basa konjugasinya adalah asetat (CH3COO⁻). Sebuah
larutan 1.0 M asam asetat (kira-kira sama dengan konsentrasi pada cuka rumah)
memiliki pH sekitar 2.4.
Vitamin C merupakan nama lain dari ascorbic acid
yang tidak lain adalah sejenis asam.Vitamin C larut dalam air dan dapat
ditemukan buah jeruk, tomat, dan sayuran hijau dengan konsentrasi tinggi.
Vitamin C merupakan vitamin yang tidak stabil karena mudah teroksidasi dan
dapat hilang selama proses memasak. Peran utama vitamin C dalam tubuh adalah
sebagai penghasil kolagen, sejenis protein penting daalm jaringan alat
gerak.Vitamin C juga berperan penting dalam sintesa hemoglobin dan metabolisme
asam amino. Selain itu, vitamin C juga mampu menangkal nitrit penyebab kanker.
Hipoaskorbemia (defisiensi asam askorbat) bisa berakibat seriawan, baik di
mulut maupun perut, kulit kasar, gusi tidak sehat sehingga gigi mudah goyah dan
lepas, perdarahan di bawah kulit (sekitar mata dan gusi), cepat lelah, otot
lemah dan depresi.
Jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) merupakan
buah yang mengandung banyak air dan vitamin C yang cukup tinggi. Daun, buah,
dan bunganya mengandung minyak terbang. Jeruk nipis mengandung asam sitrat,
asam amino (triptofan, lisin), minyak atsiri (sitral, limonen, felandren, lemon
kamfer, kadinen, gerani-lasetat, linali-lasetat, aktilaldehid, nnildehid)
damar, glikosida, asam sitrun, lemak, kalsium, fosfor, besi, belerang, vitamin
B1 danC.
Dari kandungan berbagai minyak dan zat di dalamnya,
jeruk nipis dimanfaatkan untuk mengatasi disentri, sembelit, ambeien, haid tak
teratur, difteri, jerawat, kepala pusing atau vertigo, suara serak, batuk, bau
badan, menambah nafsu makan, mencegah rambut rontok, ketombe, flu, demam, terlalu
gemuk, amandel, penyakit anyang-anyangan (kencing terasa sakit), mimisan, dan
radang hidung.
Dari beberapa penelitian terakhir menunjukkan, jeruk
nipis juga mempunyai manfaat mencegah kekambuhan batu ginjal, khususnya batu
ginjal kalsium idiopatik. Menurut laporan tersebut, mengonsumsi jeruk nipis
bisa mencegah timbulnya batu ginjal.
Pada suatu penelitian diketahui bahwa jeruk nipis
mengandung sitrat yang tinggi. Dinyatakan bahwa kandungan sitrat jeruk nipis
lokal (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle yang bulat) 10 kali lebih besar dibanding
kandungan sitrat pada jeruk keprok, atau enam kali jeruk manis. Kandungan
sitratnya mencapai 55,6 gram per kilogram.
Indikator
Indikator merupakan suatu
zat yang digunakan untuk menentukan kapan titik akhir titrasi (TAT) tercapai
dengan indikasi perubahan warna. Pada saat TAT tercapai maka jumlah mol
equivalen zat dititrasi sama dengan jumlah mol equivalen zat titran. Indikator
yang akan digunakan dalam titrasi acidi alkaimetri adalah :
a. PP (phenolphthalein)
Asam dipotrik tidak berwarna, dengan trayek pH 8-9.6
b. MO (Methyl Orange)
Suatu basa berwarna kuning dalam bentuk molekulnya,
dengan trayek
pH 3,1-4,4
Kurva Titrasi
Titrasi asam basa dapat dinyatakan dalam bentuk
kurva titrasi antara pH (pOH) versus mililiter titran. Kurva semacam ini
membantu mempertimbangkan kelayakan suatu titrasi dalam memilih indikator yang
tepat. Akan diperiksa dua kasus, titrasi asam kuat dengan basa kuat dan titrasi
asam lemah dengan basa kuat.
a. Titrasi Asam Kuat dan Basa kuat
Asam kuat dan basa kuat terhidrolisa dengan lengkap
dalam larutan air. Jadi pH sama di berbagai titik selama titrasi. Dapat
dihitung langsung dari kuantitas stokiometri asam dan basa yang telah dibiarkan
bereaksi. Pada titik kesetaraan, pH ditetapkan oleh jauhnya air terdisiosiasi
pada 250 C, pH air murni adalah 7.00
b. Titrasi Asam Lemah dan Basa kuat
Pada kurva titrasi ini, kurva untuk suatu asam lemah
mulai meningkat dengan cepat, ketika mula-mula ditambahkan basa. Laju
pertambahan mengecil dengan bertambahnya konsentrasi B-. Larutan ini disebut terbuffer
dalam daerah dimana peningkatan pH tersebut lambat. Perhatikan bahwa bila asam
itu dinetralkan [HB-] ≈ [B-]
pH =pKa-log= pKa
Setelah
titik separuh jalan, pH naik lagi dengan lambat sampai terjadi perubahan besar pada titik kesetaraan
Fisis dan Chemist Reagen
1. Hidrogen
asetat (HAc) atau Asam cuka(CH3COOH)
v Fisis
BM : 60.05 g/mol
Densitas dan fase : 1.049 g cm−3, cairan : 1.266 g cm−3, padatan
TL = 16.5 °C
TD = 118.1 °C
Bentuk = cairan tak berwarna atau Kristal
Keasaman pKa = 4.76 pada 25°C
v Chemist
Asam asetat bersifat
korosif terhadap banyak logam seperti besi,magnesium, dan seng, membentuk gas
hidrogen dan garam-garam asetat (disebut logam asetat). Aluminium
merupakan logam yang tahan terhadap korosi karena dapat membentuk lapisan
aluminium oksida yang melindungi permukaannya. Karena itu, biasanya asam asetat
diangkut dengan tangkitangki aluminium.
2. HCl
v Fisis
:
BM = 36,47 gr/mol
BJ = 1,268 gr/cc
TD = 850C
TL = -1100C
Kelarutan dalam 100 bagian air 00C = 82,3
Kelarutan dalam 100 bagian air 1000C = 56,3
v Chemist
:
Bereaksi dengan Hg2+
membentuk endapan putih Hg2Cl2 yang tidak larut dalam air
panas dan asam encer tapi larut dalam amoniak encer, larutan KCN serta thoisulfat.
2 HCl + Hg2+→2 H+ + Hg2Cl2
Hg2Cl2 + 2NH3→ Hg (NH 4)Cl
+ Hg + NH4Cl
Bereaksi dengan Pb2+ membentuk endapan putih PbCl2,
2HCl + Pb2+ →PbCl2↓ + 2 H+ .Mudah menguap
apalagi bila dipanaskan, konsentrasi tidak mudah berubah karena udara/cahaya ,merupakan
asam kuat karena derajat disiosiasinya tinggi.
3. NaOH
v Fisis
:
BM = 40 gr/mol
BJ= 2,13 gr/cc
TD= 13900C
TL= 318,40C
Kelarutan dalam 100 bagian air 00C = 82,3
Kelarutan dalam 100 bagian air 1000C = 56,3
v Chemist
:
Dengan Pb(NO3) membentuk endapan Pb(OH)2 yang larut dalam reagen
exess
Pb(NO)3 + NaOH →Pb(OH)2↓+ NaNO3
Pb(OH)2 + 2NaOH→ Na2PbO2 + 2H2O
Dengan Hg2(NO3)2 membentuk
endapan hitam Hg2O yang larut dalam reagen exess.Merupakan basa yang
cukup kuat. Mudah larut dalam air dan higroskopis. Mudah menyerap CO2
sehingga membentuk karbonat
4. Na2B4O7.
10H2O ( Boraks )
v Fisis
:
BM= 381,43 gr/mol
BJ= 1,73 gr/ml
TD= 2000C
TL= 750C
Kelarutan dalam 100 bagian
air dingin ( 0,50C ) = 1,3
v Chemist
:
Jika ditambah H2SO4 menjadi
asam boraks
Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 + 5 H2O→4
H3BO3 + Na2NO3
Jika ditambah AgNO3 menjadi
endapan putih perak mutu boraks
Na2B4O7 + AgNO3 + 3H2O→AgBO2
+ H3BO3 +NaNO3
Jika ditambahkan BaCl2 menjadi endapan putih
Ba mutu boraks
5.
H2SO4
v
Fisis :
BM=
98,08 gr/mol
BJ=
1,83 gr/cc
TD=
3400C
TL=
10,440C
Kelarutan
dalam 100 bagian air dingin = 80
Air
Panas = 59
v
Chemist :
Merupakan
asam kuat. Jika ditambah basa membentuk garam dan air. Dengan Pb2+membentuk
PbSO4
Pb2+
+ SO42-→PbSO4
Dengan
Ba2+ membentuk BaSO4
Ba2+
+ SO42-→BaSO4 ↓
6.
Phenolphtalein ( C2OH16O4 )
v Fisis
:
BM=
318,31 gr/mol
BJ=
1,299 gr/cc
TD=
2610C
pH
8,0 – 9,6
Kelarutan
dalam 100 bagian air = 8,22
v
Chemist :
Merupakan
asam diprotik dan tidak berwarna
Mula-mula
berdisiosiasi menjadi bentuk tidak berwarna kemudian kehilangan H+ menjadi ion
dengan sistem terkonjugasi maka dihasilkan warna merah
METODE PERCOBAAN
I.Bahan dan Alat yang digunakan
Bahan:
1. Boraks
2. NaOH
3. Asam Asetat / Asam Cuka
4. Larutan Jeruk / Juice Jeruk
5. HCl
6. Phenolptalein
Alat:
1. Buret,Statif,Klem
2. Erlenmeyer
3. Corong
4. Pipet volum
5. Pipet Ukur
6. Pengaduk
7. Beaker Glass
8. Pipet Tetes
9. Labu Takar
10. Gelas Ukur
II. Cara Kerja
A. Standarisasi HCl dengan Borak 0,1 N
1. Ambil 10 ml borak 0,1 N, masukan ke dalam
Erlenmeyer
2. Tambahkan beberapa tetes indikator MO
3. Titrasi dengan HCL 0,1 N sampai warna berubah
menjadi merah orange.
4. Catat kebutuhan titran
B. Standarisasi NaOH dengan HCl yang telah
distandarisasi
1. Ambil 10 ml NaOH, masukkan ke dalam Erlenmeyer
2. Tambahkan beberapa tetes indikator MO
3. Titrasi dengan HCL sampai warna menjadi merah
orange
4. Catat volume HCl
C. Mencari kadar Na2CO3 dan
atau NaHCO3
1. Ambil sampel 10 ml larutan sampel, masukkan ke
dalam Erlenmeyer.
2. Tambahkan beberapa tetes indikator PP
3. Titrasi dengan HCl sampai warna merah hampir
hilang.
4. Catat kebutuhan HCl pada TAT I = x ml
5. Tambahkan beberapa tetes indikator MO
6. Titrasi dengan HCl sampai warna menjadi merah
orange.
7. Catat kebutuhan HCl untuk Na2CO3
= y ml
D.
Mencari kadar asam asetat dan jeruk
1.
Ambil 10 ml bahan, encerkan sampai 100 ml aquadest
2.
Ambil 10 ml larutan sampel tersebut, masukkan ke dalam erlenmeyer.
3.
Tambahkan indikator PP beberapa tetes (+ 3 tetes)
4.
Titrasi dengan NaOH sampai warna merah hampir hilang.
5.
Catat kebutuhan NaOH
6.
Menghitung normalitas asam sampel
KESIMPULAN
Hal-hal penting
yang perlu diperhatikan dalam percobaan adalah
:
1.
Pada saat
terjadi titik akhir tritasi, tritasi harus segera di hentikan.
2.
Ketepatan dalam
pemilihan indicator, agar kesalahan titrasi yang terjadi menjadi sekecil
mungkin.
3.
Harus tetap
memperhatikan larutan standar sekunder dan primernya, larutan standar primer kemurniannya
harus tinggi.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
A.L. Kempainen. 2002. Defarmining Ascorbic Acid in Vitamin C Tablets.
Finlandia University: Wadsworf Group.
Analysus of Vitamin C. General Chemistry Laboratories University of Alberta.
Buku Petunjuk Praktikum Dasar Teknik Kimia I. 2005. Laboratorium
Teknologi Proses, Jurusan Teknik Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Diponegoro:
Semarang.
Day, R.A. and Underwood, A.C. 1986. Analisa Kimia Kuantitatif edisi 15.
Erlangga: Jakarta
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